脫式計算與簡便運算
7
13
-0.4+
6
13
-
3
5
=
0
0
78-4.5-22-45
1
2
=
6
6
2-(6
5
12
-2.5)÷3
=
25
36
25
36
4
7
×
1
4
+0.25×
3
7
-
1
4
=
0
0
6-
5
3
×
1
2
-
1
6
=
5
5
〔1-(
1
12
-
1
18
)〕÷
5
8
=
14
9
14
9
9
8
-
3
13
÷
9
26
-
1
3
=
1
8
1
8
5
11
÷7+
1
7
×
6
11
=
1
7
1
7
5+3.6×2.5÷0.48=
23.75
23.75
22-
3
4
×
1
2
-
5
8
=
21
21
299÷(299+
299
300
)
=
300
301
300
301
[
13
8
-(
5
8
+
5
7
)]×
3
4
=
3
14
3
14
3.6×2
8
25
÷16.9÷(3
3
5
×1.1 6)×1.3=
2
13
2
13
1
1x2
+
1
2x3
+
1
3x4
+…+
1
99x100
=
99
100
99
100
分析:(1)可根據(jù)加法交換律及結(jié)合律進行計算;
(2)、(5)、(7)、(10)可根據(jù)一個數(shù)減幾個數(shù)等于用這個數(shù)減去這幾個數(shù)的和的減法性質(zhì)計算;
(3)、(6)可根據(jù)四則混合運算的運算順序計算:先算乘除,再算加減,有括號的要先算括號里面的;
(4)、(8)可根據(jù)乘法分配律進行計算;
(9)可將3.6拆分為9×0.4后再根據(jù)乘法結(jié)合律計算;
(11)可通過約分進行簡算;
(12)可根據(jù)一個數(shù)減兩個數(shù)的和,等于用這個數(shù)分別減去這兩個數(shù)的減法性質(zhì)進行計算;
(13)可根據(jù)乘法交換律及結(jié)合律進行計算;
(14)可根據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)簡算公式
1
n(n+1)
=
1
n
-
1
n+1
進行簡便計算.
解答:解:(1)
7
13
-0.4+
6
13
-
3
5

=
7
13
-0.4+
6
13
-0.6,
=(
7
13
+
6
13
)-(0.4+0.6),
=1-1,
=0;

(2)78-4.5-22-45
1
2

=78-(4.5+45.5+22),
=78-72,
=6;

(3)2-(6
5
12
-2.5)÷3

=2-(
77
12
-
30
12
)×
1
3
,
=2-
47
12
×
1
3
,
=2-
47
36
,
=
25
36
;

(4)
4
7
×
1
4
+0.25×
3
7
-
1
4

=
4
7
×0.25+0.25×
3
7
-0.25,
=(
4
7
+
3
7
-1)×0.25,
=0×0.25,
=0;

(5)6-
5
3
×
1
2
-
1
6

=6-
5
6
-
1
6

=6-(
5
6
+
1
6
),
=6-1,
=5;

(6)〔1-(
1
12
-
1
18
)〕÷
5
8

=[1-(
3
36
-
2
36
))]×
8
5
,
=[1-
1
36
8
5
,
=
35
36
×
8
5
,
=
14
9
;

(7)
9
8
-
3
13
÷
9
26
-
1
3

=
9
8
-
3
13
×
26
9
-
1
3
,
=
9
8
-
2
3
-
1
3
;
=
9
8
-
2
3
+
1
3
),
=
9
8
-1,
=
1
8
;

(8)
5
11
÷7+
1
7
×
6
11

=
5
11
×
1
7
+
1
7
×
6
11
,
=(
5
11
+
6
11
)×
1
7
,
=1×
1
7

=
1
7
;

(9)5+3.6×2.5÷0.48
=5+9×0.4×2.5÷0.48,
=5+9×(0.4×2.5)÷0.48,
=5+9×1÷0.48,
=5+18.75,
=23.75;

(10)22-
3
4
×
1
2
-
5
8

=22-
3
8
-
5
8
,
=22-(
3
8
+
5
8
),
=22-1,
=21;

(11)299÷(299+
299
300
)

=299÷299
299
300
,
=299×
300
299×300+299

=299×
300
299×(300+1)

=
300
301
;

(12)[
13
8
-(
5
8
+
5
7
)]×
3
4

=[
13
8
-
5
8
-
5
7
3
4

=[1-
5
7
3
4
,
=
2
7
×
3
4

=
3
14


(13)3.6×2
8
25
÷16.9÷(3
3
5
×1.1 6)×1.3
=3.6×2.32÷16.9÷3.6÷1.16×1.3,
=(3.6÷3.6)×(2.32÷1.16)×1.3÷16.9,
=1×2×1.3÷16.9,
=2.6÷16.9,
=
2
13


(14)
1
1x2
+
1
2x3
+
1
3x4
+…+
1
99x100

=(1-
1
2
)+(
1
2
-
1
3
)+(
1
3
-
1
4
)+…+(
1
99
-
1
100
),
=1-
1
2
+
1
2
-
1
3
+
1
3
-…+
1
99
-
1
100
,
=1-
1
100
,
=
99
100

故答案為:0,6,
25
36
,0,5,
14
9
,
1
8
1
7
,23.75,21,
300
301
3
14
,
2
13
,
99
100
點評:完成本題要注意分析式中數(shù)據(jù)的特點及內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,然后選擇合適的方法進行計算.
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