Every day Clarke worked hard for a long time ________ he could support his family.

1. A.
   so that
2. B.
   in order
3. C.
   so as to
4. D.
   for

    In nature,you may see many insects (昆蟲) and animals of different colors. Have you ever won-dered why?

      Locusts are super delicious food for birds,but it is not always an easy job for birds to catch them. It is neither because locusts are good jumpers or runners nor because they are smarter than their enemies. The reason is that the colors of locusts change with the colors of crops (莊稼). When crops are young,locusts look green. But when autumn comes,locusts change to the yellow and brown color as crops do.

    Brown bears,tigers and other animals move quietly through forests. They can't be seen easily by their enemies. This is because they have colors similar to the trees. For the same reason,polar bears that live on a land of snow and ice are white. Butterflies and bees living among the flowers are colorful like flowers. Soil insects are mostly dark-colored and they live under the soil (土壤) in a dark and wet environment. However,insects with colors different from plants can easily be found and eaten by others. So in order to survive,they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only at night.

    Have you ever noticed some even stranger acts? The ink fish in the sea can send out some very black ink when it faces danger. As the ink spreads over,its enemies will find themselves suddenly in a dark world. At the same time the ink fish immediately swims away. That is how it keeps itself safe though it is not strong at all.

() 1. It is not easy for birds to catch locusts because .

   A. locusts are good runners   B. locusts can jump very high

   C. locusts are smarter than birds   D. locusts can change their colors

() 2. According to the passage,most soil insects .

   A. do not have bright colors   B. change their colors with the soil

   C. do not live in a dark and wet environment   D. eat colorful insects like butterflies and bees

() 3. What's the meaning of the underlined word “survive” in the passage?

   A. 繁殖   B. 產(chǎn)卵   C. 覓食   D. 生存

() 4. The ink fish so that its enemies will not see it.

   A. changes its color   B. makes the water around it black

   C. appears only at night   D. hides itself in the sea rocks

() 5. What is the main idea of this passage?

   A. Some insects and animals have different skills.

   B. Some insects and animals are clever than we think.

   C. Some insects and animals use colors to protect themselves.

   D. Some insects and animals can get used to the environment easily.

   As consumers,we all want low prices,but how can big retailers(零售商) afford to make their prices so attractive? What they do not do is 1 their own profits to reduce prices. They pass those “l(fā)ow prices” along the supply chain to the 2 , who are forced to 3 with each other globally to be the cheapest. The producers then have to pass on the cost of 4 production to their workers. That is to say,they can only 5 these workers — some of them are the poorest in the world — minimum salaries or less.

   That's why FAIRTRADE,a social movement has appeared. David Simpson,one of the staff 6 ,aWe first visit existing producers to take a close look at their products and their business strengths and weaknesses. 7 everything is good,we sit down and work out an action plan,a strategy,together. Sometimes the producers might need help or 8 in order to get their products to meet the market demands. But what is much more 9 is that we also agree to buy directly for a fair price that is 10 ,that is,we will not suddenly offer to pay less. The FAIRTRADE minimum price defines the 11 price that a buyer of FAIRTRADE products must pay the producer. The minimum price is 12 based on talks between FAIRTRADE producers and traders and makes sure that producers receive a price,which 13 the cost of workable production. This 14 workers to start climbing out of poverty. Later,we provide training in marketing and other 15 so that producers can gradually become independent. Meanwhile,the products themselves are already being 16 in our own FAIRTRADE shops and in an increasing number of other shops."

   FAIRTRADE products are now recognized 17 and sales are rising. Consumers realize they are buying a quality product at a competitive price while 18 the producer. Instead of increasing the profits of the middlemen,their 19 are building a Aiture for some of the world's 20 people.

1. A. show   B. cut   C. increase   D. earn

2. A. workers   B. consumers   C. retailers   D. producers

3. A. argue   B. compete   C. cooperate   D. discuss

4. A. mass   B. quick   C. cheap   D. efficient

5. A. pay   B. bring   C. lend   D. send

6. A. agrees   B. explains   C. complains   D. imagines

7. A. If   B. Because   C. Though   D. Unless

8. A. praise   B. friendship   C. success   D. support

9. A. convenient   B. practical   C. important   D. interesting

10. A. decided   B. guaranteed   C. suggested   D. permitted

11. A. average   B. selling   C. lowest   D. fairest

12. A. set   B. changed   C. predicted   D. admitted

13. A. returns   B. shares   C. ignores   D. covers

14. A. advises   B. forces   C. allows   D. expects

15. A. interests   B. skills   C. facts   D. processes

16. A. presented   B. sold   C. used   D. examined

17. A. widely   B. quickly   C. excitedly   D. eagerly

18. A. trusting fi. training   C. encouraging   D. helping

19. A. kindnesses   B. improvements   C. presents   D. purchases

20. A. saddest   B. busiest   C. poorest   D. weakest

In nature, you may see many insects (昆蟲）and animals of different colors. Have you ever wondered why?

   Locusts are super delicious food for birds,but it is not always an easy job for birds to catch them.It is neither because locusts are good jumpers or runners nor because they are smarter than their enemies. The reason is that the colors of locusts change with the colors of crops(莊稼). When crops are young,locusts look green. But when autumn comes, locusts change to the yellow and brown color as crops do.

   Brown bears,tigers and other animals move quietly through forests. They can’t be seen easily by their enemies. This is because they have colors similar to the trees. For the same reason, polar bears that live on a land of snow and ice are white. Butterflies and bees living among the flowers are colorful like flowers. Soil insects are mostly dark-colored and they live under the soil(土壤） in a dark and wet environment. However, insects with colors different from plants can easily be found and eaten by others. So in order to survive,they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only at night.

   Have you ever noticed some even stranger acts? The ink fish in the sea can send out some very black ink when it faces danger. As the ink spreads over , its enemies will find themselves suddenly in a dark world. At the same time the ink fish immediately swims away. That is how it keeps itself safe though it is not strong at all.

1.It is not easy for birds to catch locusts because____________.

A .locusts are good runners                B. locusts can jump very high

C. locusts are smarter than birds            D. locusts can change their color

2.According to the passage, most soil insects_________

A.do not have bright colors

B. change their colors with the soil

C. do not live in a dark and wet environment

D. Eat colorful insects like butterflies and bees

3.What’s the meaning of the underlined word”survive” in the passage?

A. 繁殖            B. 產(chǎn)卵              C. 覓食               D. 生存

4.The ink fish_______so that its enemies will not see it?

A. changes its color                   B. makes the water around it black

C. appears only at night               D. hides itself in the sea rocks

5.What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Some insects and animals have different skills.

B. Some insects and animals are clever than we think.

C. Some insects and animals use colors to protect themselves.

D. Some insects and animals can get used to the environment easily.

In nature, you may see many insects (昆蟲) and animals of different colors. Have you ever wondered why?

Locusts are super delicious food for birds,but it is not always an easy job for birds to catch them.It is neither because locusts are good jumpers or runners nor because they are smarter than their enemies. The reason is that the colors of locusts change with the colors of crops(莊稼). When crops are young,locusts look green. But when autumn comes, locusts change to the yellow and brown color as crops do.

Brown bears,tigers and other animals move quietly through forests. They can’t be seen easily by their enemies. This is because they have colors similar to the trees. For the same reason, polar bears that live on a land of snow and ice are white. Butterflies and bees living among the flowers are colorful like flowers. Soil insects are mostly dark-colored and they live under the soil(土壤) in a dark and wet environment. However, insects with colors different from plants can easily be found and eaten by others. So in order to survive, they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only at night.

Have you ever noticed some even stranger acts? The ink fish in the sea can send out some very black ink when it faces danger. As the ink spreads over , its enemies will find themselves suddenly in a dark world. At the same time the ink fish immediately swims away. That is how it keeps itself safe though it is not strong at all.

1.It is not easy for birds to catch locusts because____________.

A.locusts are good runners

B. locusts can jump very high

C. locusts are smarter than birds

D. locusts can change their color

2.According to the passage, most soil insects_________

A.do not have bright colors

B. change their colors with the soil

C. do not live in a dark and wet environment

D. Eat colorful insects like butterflies and bees

3.What’s the meaning of the underlined word”survive” in the passage?

A. 繁殖 B. 產(chǎn)卵 C. 覓食 D. 生存

4.The ink fish_______so that its enemies will not see it?

A. changes its color

B. makes the water around it black

C. appears only at night

D. hides itself in the sea rocks

5. What is the main ides of this passage?

A. Some insects and animals have different skills.

B. Some insects and animals are clever than we think.

C. Some insects and animals use colors to protect themselves.

D. Some insects and animals can get used to the environment easily.

As I was thinking about language learning the other day, the image of baking bread came into my mind. I compared some of the exercises and drills that we put ourselves through in order to learn a language to the various ingredients (原料) that go into baking a loaf of fresh bread.

Real language learning takes place in human relationships. No one sits down and eats a cup of flour, even if he is hungry and in a hurry. You don' t become bilingual (雙語的) by learning lists of vocabulary. You don' t become a speaker of a language by memorizing grammatical rules. You become bilingual by entering a community that uses that other language as its basic means of communication.

I am not suggesting that we can make bread without ingredients. Flour is necessary, as are yeast (酵母), salt, water and other ingredients. Vocabulary is part of any language and will have to be learned. Grammatical rules exist in every language and cannot be ignored. But merely combining the appropriate ingredients in the recommended proportions does not result in bread. At best, you only end up with a ball of dough (面團).

In order to get bread, you have to apply heat to the dough. And in language learning, that heat comes from the community. Anyone who has learned a second language has experienced that heat. It creeps up your neck when you ask the babysitter, “Have you already been eaten?” when you meant to say, ‘‘Have you already eaten?” When you try to say something quite innocent and the whole room bursts into laughter, you are experiencing the heat that turns raw dough into good bread.

Remember the old saying, “If you can’ t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen". This is where language learning often breaks down because we find the heat uncomfortable and we stop the baking process. In other words, we can' t stand the heat, so we get out of the kitchen.

However, the language learner who stays in the kitchen—in the heat—until the combined

ingredients are thoroughly transformed will enjoy the richness of a quality loaf of bread. He is glad that he did not "get out of the kitchen” at the important moment when the oven seemed too hot.

Now the baker enjoys good bread, seated at the table with family members and guests. However, he does not focus on "bread" but rather on enjoying the whole feast: fine salads, pastas, fresh vegetables, rich desserts and so on. And the language learner has arrived when he no longer needs to focus on language. Language merely becomes one element in the "feast" of membership in his chosen community.

As I was thinking about language learning the other day, the image of baking bread came into my mind. I compared some of the exercises and drills that we put ourselves through in order to learn a language to the various ingredients (原料) that go into baking a loaf of fresh bread.
Real language learning takes place in human relationships. No one sits down and eats a cup of flour, even if he is hungry and in a hurry. You don' t become bilingual (雙語的) by learning lists of vocabulary. You don' t become a speaker of a language by memorizing grammatical rules. You become bilingual by entering a community that uses that other language as its basic means of communication.
I am not suggesting that we can make bread without ingredients. Flour is necessary, as are yeast (酵母), salt, water and other ingredients. Vocabulary is part of any language and will have to be learned. Grammatical rules exist in every language and cannot be ignored. But merely combining the appropriate ingredients in the recommended proportions does not result in bread. At best, you only end up with a ball of dough (面團).
In order to get bread, you have to apply heat to the dough. And in language learning, that heat comes from the community. Anyone who has learned a second language has experienced that heat. It creeps up your neck when you ask the babysitter, “Have you already been eaten?” when you meant to say, ‘‘Have you already eaten?” When you try to say something quite innocent and the whole room bursts into laughter, you are experiencing the heat that turns raw dough into good bread.
Remember the old saying, “If you can’ t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen". This is where language learning often breaks down because we find the heat uncomfortable and we stop the baking process. In other words, we can' t stand the heat, so we get out of the kitchen.
However, the language learner who stays in the kitchen—in the heat—until the combined
ingredients are thoroughly transformed will enjoy the richness of a quality loaf of bread. He is glad that he did not "get out of the kitchen” at the important moment when the oven seemed too hot.
Now the baker enjoys good bread, seated at the table with family members and guests. However, he does not focus on "bread" but rather on enjoying the whole feast: fine salads, pastas, fresh vegetables, rich desserts and so on. And the language learner has arrived when he no longer needs to focus on language. Language merely becomes one element in the "feast" of membership in his chosen community.

As I was thinking about language learning the other day, the image of baking bread came into my mind. I compared some of the exercises and drills that we put ourselves through in order to learn a language to the various ingredients (原料) that go into baking a loaf of fresh bread.

Real language learning takes place in human relationships. No one sits down and eats a cup of flour, even if he is hungry and in a hurry. You don' t become bilingual (雙語的) by learning lists of vocabulary. You don' t become a speaker of a language by memorizing grammatical rules. You become bilingual by entering a community that uses that other language as its basic means of communication.

I am not suggesting that we can make bread without ingredients. Flour is necessary, as are yeast (酵母), salt, water and other ingredients. Vocabulary is part of any language and will have to be learned. Grammatical rules exist in every language and cannot be ignored. But merely combining the appropriate ingredients in the recommended proportions does not result in bread. At best, you only end up with a ball of dough (面團).

In order to get bread, you have to apply heat to the dough. And in language learning, that heat comes from the community. Anyone who has learned a second language has experienced that heat. It creeps up your neck when you ask the babysitter, “Have you already been eaten?” when you meant to say, ‘‘Have you already eaten?” When you try to say something quite innocent and the whole room bursts into laughter, you are experiencing the heat that turns raw dough into good bread.

Remember the old saying, “If you can’ t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen". This is where language learning often breaks down because we find the heat uncomfortable and we stop the baking process. In other words, we can' t stand the heat, so we get out of the kitchen.

However, the language learner who stays in the kitchen—in the heat—until the combined

ingredients are thoroughly transformed will enjoy the richness of a quality loaf of bread. He is glad that he did not "get out of the kitchen” at the important moment when the oven seemed too hot.

Now the baker enjoys good bread, seated at the table with family members and guests. However, he does not focus on "bread" but rather on enjoying the whole feast: fine salads, pastas, fresh vegetables, rich desserts and so on. And the language learner has arrived when he no longer needs to focus on language. Language merely becomes one element in the "feast" of membership in his chosen community.

In nature, you may see many insects (昆蟲）and animals of different colors. Have you ever wondered why?
Locusts are super delicious food for birds,but it is not always an easy job for birds to catch them.It is neither because locusts are good jumpers or runners nor because they are smarter than their enemies. The reason is that the colors of locusts change with the colors of crops(莊稼). When crops are young,locusts look green. But when autumn comes, locusts change to the yellow and brown color as crops do.
Brown bears,tigers and other animals move quietly through forests. They can’t be seen easily by their enemies. This is because they have colors similar to the trees. For the same reason, polar bears that live on a land of snow and ice are white. Butterflies and bees living among the flowers are colorful like flowers. Soil insects are mostly dark-colored and they live under the soil(土壤） in a dark and wet environment. However, insects with colors different from plants can easily be found and eaten by others. So in order to survive,they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only at night.
Have you ever noticed some even stranger acts? The ink fish in the sea can send out some very black ink when it faces danger. As the ink spreads over , its enemies will find themselves suddenly in a dark world. At the same time the ink fish immediately swims away. That is how it keeps itself safe though it is not strong at all

1. 1.

   It is not easy for birds to catch locusts because____________

   1. A.
      locusts are good runners
   2. B.
      locusts can jump very high
   3. C.
      locusts are smarter than birds
   4. D.
      locusts can change their color
2. 2.

   According to the passage, most soil insects_________

   1. A.
      do not have bright colors
   2. B.
      change their colors with the soil
   3. C.
      do not live in a dark and wet environment
   4. D.
      Eat colorful insects like butterflies and bees
3. 3.

   What’s the meaning of the underlined word”survive” in the passage?

   1. A.
      繁殖
   2. B.
      產(chǎn)卵
   3. C.
      覓食
   4. D.
      生存
4. 4.

   The ink fish_______so that its enemies will not see it?

   1. A.
      changes its color
   2. B.
      makes the water around it black
   3. C.
      appears only at night
   4. D.
      hides itself in the sea rocks
5. 5.

   What is the main idea of this passage?

   1. A.
      Some insects and animals have different skills
   2. B.
      Some insects and animals are clever than we think
   3. C.
      Some insects and animals use colors to protect themselves
   4. D.
      Some insects and animals can get used to the environment easily

In nature, you may see many insects and animals of different colors. Have you ever wondered why?
Locusts （蝗蟲）are super delicious food for birds, but it is not always an easy job for birds to catch them. It is neither because locusts are good jumpers or runners nor because they are smarter than their enemies（敵人）. The reason is that the colors of locusts change with the colors of crops （莊稼）. When crops are young, locusts look green. But when autumn comes, locusts change to the yellow and brown color as crops do.
Brown bears, tigers and other animals move quietly through forests. They can’t be seen easily by their enemies. This is because they have colors similar to the trees. For the same reason, polar bears that live on a land of snow and ice are white. Butterflies （蝴蝶）and bees living among the flowers are colorful like flowers. Soil insects are mostly dark-colored and they live under the soil in a dark and wet environment. However, insects with colors different from plants can easily be found and eaten by others. So in order to survive, they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only at night.
Have you ever noticed some even stranger acts（行為）? The ink fish in the sea can send out some very black ink when it faces danger. As the ink spreads over, its enemies will find themselves in a dark world. At the same time the ink fish immediately swims away. That is how it keeps itself safe though it is not strong at all

1. 1.

   According to the passage, most soil insects ______

   1. A.
      do not have bright colors
   2. B.
      change their colors with the soil
   3. C.
      do not live in a dark and wet environment
   4. D.
      eat colorful insects like butterflies and bees
2. 2.

   What’s the meaning of the underlined word “survive” in the passage?

   1. A.
      繁殖
   2. B.
      產(chǎn)卵
   3. C.
      覓食
   4. D.
      生存
3. 3.

   What is the main idea of this passage?

   1. A.
      Some insects and animals have different skills
   2. B.
      Some insects and animals are cleverer than we think
   3. C.
      Some insects and animals use colors to protect themselves
   4. D.
      Some insects and animals can get used to the environment easily

 In American parents usually think that their child should not have more pocket money than the children with whom he regularly connects even if they are wealthier.

But  41  are children expected to compare with the richer  42  a large family, heavy responsibilities, or other conditions make it  43  to give a child less spending money than is customary（慣例的）in the neighborhood.

 44  the pocket money is, its entire use is not controlled by the  45 , because a child learns to use money correctly only through  46  it himself. If a seven-year-old child gets a quarter as a week pocket money and is made to put it all in his piggy bank to  47  it up, he gets no idea what the  48  use for the money is. He gets the shinny coins and they soon  49  .

The idea of a bank account is too early for so  50  a child, although he can be made to understand and  51  saving his coins---not all of them, only a part of what he receives---to buy something he especially wants.  52  he is eight, he is old enough to take part in the  53  of his own saving account, parents may take him to the bank, open a saving account for him, and  54  him to put a certain quantity of any checks that he receives as  55  into the bank and watch his bank savings  56  as entry by entry is made.

He will be saving, earning, and spending  57  quantities all along in order to learn how to  58  money and to keep him in a favorable position with his friends. The boy who can’t join his fellows in sweet shops  59  he has to save every cent he gets or earns for some big unknown project his parents have been chosen for him, is a  60  child.

41. A. none                         B. neither                     C. little                        D. few

42. A. if                              B. unless                      C. while                       D. because

43. A. important                  B. urgent                     C. necessary                D. meaningful

44. A. Whenever                  B. Wherever                 C. However                 D. Whatever

45. A. parents                      B. pupils                      C. children                   D. teachers

46. A. getting along with       B. working with            C. dealing with             D. playing with

47. A. keep                         B. save                        C. protect                    D. store

48. A. main                         B. slow                        C. full                          D. real

49. A. disappear                   B. appear                     C. miss                        D. lose

50. A. old                            B. tall                          C. small                       D. large

51. A. choose                             B. enjoy                       C. avoid                       D. hate

52. A. Gradually                  B. By the way              C. Lately                      D. By the time

53. A. opening                     B. starting                    C. exposing                  D. showing

54. A. support                     B. promote                   C. encourage                D. force

55. A. prizes                        B. salary                      C. income                    D. gifts

56. A. develop                     B. grow                       C. progress                  D. decrease

57. A. suitable                     B. timely                      C. satisfactory              D. equal

58. A. calculate                    B. save                        C. spend                      D. manage

59. A. so                             B. because                   C. therefore                 D. however

60. A. miserable                   B. regretful                  C. clever                      D. poor

As I was thinking about language learning the other day, the image of baking bread came into my mind. I compared some of the exercises and drills that we put ourselves through in order to learn a language to the various ingredients(原料) that go into baking a loaf of fresh bread.

Real language learning takes place in human relationships. No one sits down and eats a cup of flour, even if he is hungry and in a hurry. You don’t become bilingual(雙語的) by learning lists of vocabulary. You don’t become a speaker of a language by memorizing verb conjugations (動詞的變化) and agreement rules. You become bilingual by entering a community that uses that other language as its primary means of communication.

I am not suggesting that we can make bread without ingredients. Flour is necessary, as are yeast（酵母）, salt, water and other ingredients. Vocabulary is part of any language and will have to be learned. Grammatical rules exist in every language and cannot be ignored. But merely combining the appropriate ingredients in the recommended proportions does not result in bread. At best, you only end up with a ball of dough(面團).

In order to get bread, you have to apply heat to the dough. And in language learning, that heat comes from the community. Anyone who has learned a second language has experienced that heat. It creeps up your neck when you ask the babysitter, “Have you already been eaten?” when you meant to say, “Have you already eaten?” When you try to say something quite innocent and the whole room bursts into laughter, you are experiencing the heat that turns raw dough into good bread.

Remember the old saying, “If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen”? This is where language learning often breaks down because we find the heat uncomfortable and we stop the baking process. In order words, we can’t stand the heat, so we get out of the kitchen.

However, the language learner who stays in the kitchen―in the heat―until the combined ingredients are thoroughly transformed will enjoy the richness of a quality loaf of bread. He is lad that he did not “get out of the kitchen” at the critical moment when the oven seemed too hot. The dedicated language learner knows that becoming bilingual cannot be achieved without the heat!

76. The passage is mainly about _____.

A.    how we can make baking bread with various ingredients

B.     how to become bilingual by communicating with others

C.    what an important role “heat” plays in learning a language

D.    what a high quality of bread you may achieve in the kitchen

77. You can become a speaker of a language by _____.

A. bearing millions of words and expressions in your mind

B. using the language to communicate with those around you

C. knowing verb conjugations and grammatical rules

D. saying something innocent to be laughed at by others

78. What’s the purpose of illustration of the example―you ask the babysitter, “Have you already been eaten?” when you meant to say, “Have you already eaten?”?

A. To verify that you are sure to make some mistakes when you enter a community.

B. To show that you should combine the ingredients in the recommended proportions.

C. To prove that you may experience “heat” from the community in language learning.

D. To indicate that being bilingual calls for your courage, confidence and perseverance.

79. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the necessity of baking bread and learning language?

A.    Excellent Skills.

B.     Various ingredients.

C.    Appropriate proportions.

D.    Uncomfortable heat.

As more and more creatures  ___1__ extinction, many scientists try hard to save them, __2 ___ the public’s help to protect them.___3_, few people have any idea what ___4__ these creatures are.

I _5__ two foreign photographers worked together a couple of years ago and took pictures of those __ 6__ animals and plants. They later had a book published in order to introduce those creatures to the public.It is ___ 7_ that if we really want to protect and save endangered species, we have to get to know them first. In fact, about two-thirds of such creatures are plants. Some of them are so unusual but we don’t know they are so precious. We are not biologists, so how can we __8_?In short, it is necessary to make endangered species known to the public. We can increase people’s knowledge through _9_ and lectures.If we try to make it part of our __10__, we may have a chance to protect those valuable creatures.

1.       A. close        B. draw              C. near            D . access

2.       A.calling on    B. calling for      C. shouting to      D. reminding

3.       A.Therefore     B. However          C. No matter how    D. Somehow

4.       A. exactly      B. extremely        C. essentially      D. particularly

5.       A. hear of      B. heard about      C. heard            D . heard that

6.       A. scarce       B. seldom           C. rare             D. especial

7.       A. true         B. necessary        C. important        D. a pity

8.       A. say          B. tell             C. speak            D. remark

9.       A. performances B.  complaints      C. exhibitions      D. measures

10.    A. course       B. education        C. instruction      D. direction