閱讀理解

　　Oceanography(海洋學(xué))has been defined as“The application of all sciences to the study of the sea．”

　　Before the nineteenth century scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between．Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant(不情愿的)to go to sea to further his work．

　　For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay under the surface．The first time that the question“What is at the bottom of the oceans?”had to be answered with any commercial consequence(商業(yè)影響)was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed．The engineer had to know the depth profile(起伏形狀)of the route to estimate(估計)the length of cable that had to be manufactured．

　　It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter．In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings(測深)were taken to investigate(調(diào)查)the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans．Later, some of his findings aroused(引起)much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea．

　　The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent(永久的)and reliable．At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea．

　　Within a few years oceanography was under way．In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition(考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea．Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895．

(1)

The aim of the voyages Maury was responsible for in the 1840s was ________．

[　　]

A．

to make some sounding experiments in the oceans

B．

to collect samples of sea plants and animals

C．

to estimate the length of cable that was needed

D．

to measure the depths of the two oceans

(2)

The underlined word “defied” in the 5th paragraph probably means ________．

[　　]

A．

doubted

B．

gave proof to

C．

challenged

D．

agreed to

(3)

This passage is mainly about ________．

[　　]

A．

the beginnings of oceanography

B．

the laying of the first undersea cable

C．

the investigation of ocean depths

D．

the early intercontinental communications

答案：1．D;2．C;3．A;
解析：

(1)

本題問的是19世紀(jì)40年代Maury負(fù)責(zé)的遠(yuǎn)洋航行的目的是什么。這個問題比較具體。題干本身已點(diǎn)明了答案可能的出處，即第四段的第二句。這句中動詞不定式to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans回答了這個問題。所以，答案是D項。

(2)

前一部分說“從海底撈出的電纜上覆蓋著各種各樣的生物”，后一部分說“當(dāng)時的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為海洋深處是沒有生命的”。由此可見，前一部分的“事實(shí)”是“批駁”后一部分的“觀點(diǎn)”。所以答案是C項。

(3)

本題問及全篇的中心意思。第一段談的是關(guān)于“海洋學(xué)”的定義；第二段是講19世紀(jì)前對海洋感興趣的科學(xué)家不多；第三段談到由于有人提出鋪設(shè)海底電纜，人們開始研究“海底深處究竟有什么”；第四段說Maury考察北大西洋和太平洋的發(fā)現(xiàn)引起廣泛的注意；第五段講在鋪設(shè)海底電纜過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)大量海洋生物；最后一段是海洋學(xué)研究的成果�？梢娙饕�是講海洋學(xué)的研究是如何開展起來的。所以，答案是A項，其余幾項均為細(xì)節(jié)，不能作為主題。


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